The United States launched strikes on more than 80 targets in southern Iran after three commercial vessels were attacked in the Strait of Hormuz, and Iran's Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps said it struck 85 US military installations in Bahrain and Kuwait in retaliation [1][3]. The US strikes came despite a promised pause during the seven-day funeral of Iran's late Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei [21].
US Central Command stated the strikes were conducted "in response to Iranian attacks on three commercial vessels that were transiting the Strait of Hormuz" and described Iran's actions as "unwarranted aggression" and "a clear and dangerous violation of the ceasefire" [1][5][6]. Targets included air defense systems, coastal surveillance, surface-to-air missiles, anti-ship cruise missile sites, drone launch sites, and more than 60 IRGC small boats [2][23]. A US official told Reuters the strikes were four to five times more intense than previous attacks [8].
Iran's Foreign Ministry condemned the US strikes and the Treasury Department's revocation of a license allowing Iranian oil sales as violations of the Islamabad Memorandum of Understanding [1][22]. Deputy Foreign Minister Kazem Gharibabadi stated the US actions constituted "a blatant violation of Article 10" and "a serious violation of Articles 1 and 2" of the memorandum [1]. Iran's top negotiator Mohammad Ghalibaf declared "The era of bullying and extortion is over. We don't fold" [5][6]. Foreign Minister Abbas Araghchi warned that negotiations for a final deal would not commence if threats continue [7].
The IRGC said its retaliatory operation targeted US military facilities including Bandar Salman, Bahrain's Fifth Naval District, and Ali Al Salem Air Base in Kuwait, and reported downing a US MQ-9 drone [5][17]. Kuwait's army said its air defenses were confronting "hostile" missile and drone attacks [1][31], and Bahrain's Interior Ministry urged citizens to seek shelter as air raid sirens sounded [6][11]. The IRGC spokesperson denied targeting Kuwait International Airport, attributing damage to a malfunctioning US Patriot missile [39].
Qatar and Saudi Arabia held Iran responsible for attacks on their vessels. Qatar's foreign ministry spokesperson Majed Al Ansari called the targeting of the Qatari vessel Al-Rekayyat "an unacceptable attack on the security and safety of international maritime navigation" [3][24]. Saudi Arabia's foreign ministry said Iran had targeted the Saudi tanker Wadyan and demanded Iran "immediately stop all actions that threaten the security of the region" [10][12]. The Gulf Cooperation Council condemned the attack as a "dangerous escalation" [46]. Bahrain's Foreign Minister Abdullatif bin Rashid Al Zayani called on the UN Security Council to take firm action, stating that 808 attacks have targeted Bahrain since the war began [40].
Iran rejected the Gulf accusations, with foreign ministry spokesman Esmail Baghaei describing Qatar's claims as "contrary to the principle of good neighbourliness" and asserting that vessels using routes not coordinated with Iran face risks [3][12]. Iranian officials argued the memorandum leaves Iran, in consultation with Oman, in charge of securing the strait, and said Iran may impose fees for providing security services [12][33]. The Khatam al-Anbiya Central Headquarters stated "the only safe passage for commercial vessels and oil tankers through the Strait of Hormuz is the route designated by the Islamic Republic" [28].
NATO Secretary General Mark Rutte called the US strikes "absolutely necessary," stating "it is totally crucial that the U.S. forcefully react" when Iran violates the ceasefire [8][25]. Russia and China condemned the US-Israeli strikes as illegal aggression. Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesperson Mao Ning stated China "firmly opposes the use of force in international relations" and called for an immediate halt to military actions [35]. Russian UN Ambassador Vassily Nebenzia demanded "the United States and Israel immediately cease their aggressive actions" [38]. UN Secretary-General Antonio Guterres condemned both the US-Israeli airstrikes and Iran's retaliatory attacks, warning of "a potential wider conflict with grave consequences for civilians and regional stability" [38].
In the US Congress, the strikes drew partisan division. Democratic Senator Tim Kaine called the action "a colossal mistake" and demanded a war powers vote, while Republican Senator Lindsey Graham praised it as a "historic operation" [44]. French legal scholars noted the legality of the strikes under international law remains contested, with lecturer Yann Jurovics stating the situation "is far from clear and provokes intense debate among specialists" [47].
Oil prices rose more than 3 percent after the US announcement [4][5]. Rapidan Energy Group president Bob McNally said the revocation of the oil waiver "signals that the ceasefire is not as solid and durable as the oil market has chosen to assume" [42]. Lloyd's Market Association's Neil Roberts stated marine war-risk insurance pricing would remain elevated until variables are clarified [43]. Security expert Andreas Krieg interpreted Iran's tanker attacks as "a clear signal that no alternative will be accepted" to Iran's proposed toll system for the strait [24].
President Donald Trump, signing off on the strikes from the NATO summit in Turkey, said "We're either going to make a deal or we're going to finish the job" [7][8]. A US official indicated the strikes would continue "for a while" [15], while another official insisted negotiators continued to work in "good faith" toward a final agreement [3].