The United States launched a new wave of strikes against Iranian targets on July 15, with US Central Command (CENTCOM) announcing precision munitions against coastal defense systems and cruise missile sites on Greater Tunb Island in a 90-minute operation [1][2][5]. CENTCOM stated the strikes were designed to degrade military capabilities Iran has used to attack commercial shipping in the Strait of Hormuz [7][30]. The US also reimposed a naval blockade on Iranian ports, deploying more than 20 warships and hundreds of military aircraft across the Middle East [24]. Oil prices rose 14 percent, with Brent crude closing at a one-month high of 84.95 dollars a barrel [16][2].
CENTCOM Commander Brad Cooper stated that over the past seven days Iran intentionally targeted civilians by attacking seven commercial ships, resulting in nearly a dozen crew members killed, missing, or injured [17]. The US military also fired on and disabled the oil tanker M/T Belma after it ignored multiple warnings while attempting to violate the blockade [23][34].
Iranian government spokesperson Fatemeh Mohajerani reported that at least 30 civilians have been killed in recent US strikes on southern Iran, with more than 260 people injured [2][24]. Other reports cited higher figures, with Health Ministry spokesperson Hossein Kermanpour reporting 35 killed and more than 300 wounded [14][26]. Kermanpour also stated that a US missile attack hit areas near a cancer hospital in Ahvaz, causing patients to flee [13][23]. BBC Persian reported civilian casualties among fishermen and damage to fishing piers, citing Hormozgan officials who said three people were killed and 15 injured at the commercial pier of Sirik [40]. Iranian state media described the US campaign as "cowardly aggression" [20].
Parliament speaker and top negotiator Mohammad Baqer Qalibaf declared that Iran is in an "essential and existential war with America" and that the memorandum of understanding with the US has lost validity [7][13][51]. Foreign Ministry spokesperson Esmaeil Baghaei stated there are no plans for negotiations and Iran is focused on defense [16][37]. Deputy Foreign Minister Kazım Garibabadi said the US completely violated the memorandum and Iran feels no obligation under current conditions [14]. Iran's UN ambassador Amir Saeed Iravani wrote that "the US is the aggressor, not the victim" [27].
The Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) claimed strikes on US military assets in Bahrain, Kuwait, and Jordan, saying it inflicted damage on the US Fifth Fleet headquarters [2][15][18]. The IRGC announced the eighth wave of Operation Nasr-2, targeting a C-RAM radar at Kuwait's Ali al-Salem Airbase [21]. The Iranian army stated it targeted communication systems and fuel storage at Jordan's al-Azraq airbase using drones [12][13]. The IRGC also announced its air defense units shot down a US drone over Bandar Abbas and an MQ-9 over Andimeshk [21]. IRGC spokesperson Brigadier General Hossein Mohebbi warned that "next phases will begin" after current operations [21].
President Donald Trump threatened to expand strikes to Iranian power plants and bridges if no deal is reached [4][17][24]. He declared the Strait of Hormuz open, announced the blockade, and initially proposed a 20 percent fee on all cargo shipped through the strait [6][39]. He later replaced the fee with trade and investment deals from Gulf states [35][38]. Trump also announced Iran had allowed a detained American citizen to leave the country, calling it a gesture of goodwill [8][12].
Gulf states condemned Iranian attacks on their territory. The UAE Ministry of Defense reported Iranian cruise missiles struck two Emirati oil tankers, killing one mariner and injuring eight [6][11][17]. GCC Secretary-General Jasem AlBudaiwi called the attack a "terrorist assault" and a violation of international law [52]. Jordan's military said it intercepted three Iranian ballistic missiles, though one report put the number at four [2][6][14]. Kuwait's defence ministry announced it intercepted four cruise missiles and 21 drones, denouncing "heinous Iranian aggression," though another report cited higher figures of five cruise missiles, one ballistic missile, and 33 drones [13][14]. Bahrain's Interior Ministry activated air raid sirens nationwide [8][12].
UN Secretary-General António Guterres expressed deep concern and called on all parties to de-escalate and return to dialogue [14][36]. Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesperson Lin Jian called for restraint and maintenance of the ceasefire [41]. Pakistan urged both Iran and the US to adhere to the Islamabad Memorandum of Understanding [53]. Vice President JD Vance stated that those who reject negotiations offer no realistic solution beyond "endless and ineffective bombing" [51].
The UN shipping agency stated there is no legal basis for mandatory tolls on strait transits [6][35][39]. German shipping company Hapag-Lloyd said imposing a fee for using the strait would be "fundamentally wrong" [35]. Former European Court of Human Rights judge Rıza Türmen argued that both the US blockade and Iran's closure of the strait are illegal under the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea and the UN Charter [47]. Iranian Foreign Minister Abbas Araghchi insisted Tehran is the guardian of the strait and will remain so, responding to Trump's fee proposal by saying "20% is of course too much, we will be fair" [6][38].
Energy analysts warned that reinstating the blockade is forcing crude to reprice geopolitical risk [45]. Saul Kavonic of MST Marquee stated that if the conflict expanded, oil could reach 100 dollars per barrel [45]. Energy Aspects director Amrita Sen said the surplus inventory that existed before the war is now virtually gone [49]. Commodity Context founder Rory Johnston reported that the loading pace of Gulf oil exports has collapsed [46]. Brazilian economist Rafael Chaves stated the conflict will pressure inflation and reduce chances of interest rate cuts [48].
US lawmakers from both parties criticized the administration. Senator Adam Schiff filed a War Powers Resolution, arguing the administration has no legal basis to act without Congress [43]. Senator Chuck Schumer stated Trump's understanding with Iran "fell apart faster than the ink could dry" [43]. Senator Chris Murphy warned that gas prices are spiking and Trump's "spiraling incompetence" has boxed America in [43]. Republican Senator John Cornyn questioned the proposed 20 percent fee, recalling that Secretary Rubio had called such a fee improper [43]. Senator Maggie Hassan stated Americans have paid 56.4 billion dollars more for gas since the start of the Iran war [43].
The Atlantic Council's David L. Goldwyn argued the US misread Iran's intentions, which Iran sees as existential, and that reinstating the blockade signals the White House has few remaining options [50]. Carnegie senior fellow Yezid Sayigh doubted the two sides will resume a full war but noted a risk of the fighting spinning out of control if either side overplays its hand [35].
Maritime intelligence firm Windward reported 23 Iranian vessels behaving suspiciously in the strait, using fake flags and disabled transponders [22]. TankerTrackers analysis showed Iran exported nearly 50 million barrels of crude in June, with the US Energy Information Administration stating China buys approximately 80 percent of Iran's exported oil [22]. Economist Adnan Mazarei noted the blockade has caused Iranian food inflation to exceed 100 percent [22].
The crisis has hit fuel-importing developing nations. Kenyan Energy Minister Opiyo Wandayi met with fuel importers to create an emergency supply plan [44]. Ethiopian Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed urged citizens to use fuel carefully [44]. Cape Verde's Prime Minister Ulisses Correia e Silva announced consideration of suspending the fuel price adjustment mechanism [44]. Sudan's Ministry of Energy denied reports of a major shortage, stating stocks are sufficient for 88 days [44].
Israeli Defense Minister Israel Katz said Israel is prepared to resume military action against Iran with greater force [9]. Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu warned that "the days are over when someone strikes us and we don't hit back with a decisive blow" [38]. EU Foreign Affairs Representative Kaja Kallas accused Iran of violating the post-war memorandum and offered EU expertise in nuclear matters [42].
The IRGC threatened to halt all energy exports from the Middle East, stating "the export of oil and gas from the region will be either for everyone or for no one" [20][27]. Iran's Foreign Ministry stated there are no plans for negotiations [37]. The US Treasury froze more than 130 million dollars in cryptocurrency wallets linked to Iran's central bank, and the State Department sanctioned over 50 individuals and entities connected to an Iranian oil shipping network [2][28].