The United States marked the 25th anniversary of the September 11 attacks on Friday with ceremonies at Ground Zero in New York, the Pentagon in Virginia, and the Flight 93 memorial in Shanksville, Pennsylvania, where relatives read the names of the 2,977 people killed when al-Qaeda hijackers crashed four commercial airliners [1][5][12]. President Donald Trump spoke at the Pentagon, honoring the dead and linking the anniversary to the ongoing US war with Iran, saying "that's why we fight today" [6][12]. Vice President JD Vance joined former presidents Bill Clinton, George W. Bush, Barack Obama, and Joe Biden at the New York ceremony, where a seventh moment of silence was added this year for those who have died from 9/11-linked illnesses [4][5][15]. NATO Secretary General Mark Rutte said America's allies "stood with you then and we stand with you today," while European Council President Antonio Costa expressed admiration for the victims and those who rushed to help [6].
Family members described grief that does not fade. Caroline Ogonowski, daughter of Flight 11 captain John Ogonowski, said she felt a new sadness knowing her father and her newborn son would never know each other [5]. Angilic Casalduc, daughter of victim Vivian Casalduc, said attending the commemoration each year makes the grief feel "just a little bit better" [15]. Beth Hillman, president of the 9/11 Memorial Museum, noted that roughly 100 million Americans were not yet born in 2001 or were too young to remember, shifting the institution's focus toward pedagogy [30]. Brazilian communications professor Eugênio Bucci said the endlessly repeated live footage "abriu uma ferida no olhar" (opened a wound in the gaze) and froze time for a global audience [1].
The attendance of New York Mayor Zohran Mamdani, the city's first Muslim mayor, drew opposition from former Governor George Pataki and former Mayor Rudy Giuliani, who cited past remarks by some of Mamdani's political associates about the attacks [15][16]. A petition urging him to stay away gathered more than 100,000 signatures [2][24]. Mamdani attended and, barred from speaking, released a video urging New Yorkers to build "a city where we run toward one another" [2]. New York City Council member Shahana Hanif said it was concerning that the mayor was being treated differently "simply because he is Muslim" [24]. Michael Massaroli, son of a 9/11 victim, said using the tragedy to spread hate "does no honor to the victims" [15][28]. Giuliani shook hands with Mamdani at the site [2].
In Michigan, Republican Senate candidate Mike Rogers attacked his opponent Abdul El-Sayed for campaigning with a streamer who Rogers said thinks "America deserved" the attacks; El-Sayed responded that "nothing can justify the murder of innocent civilians" [2]. Nihad Awad, executive director of the Council on American-Islamic Relations, warned that "bad actors are once again exploiting the 9/11 attacks to score political points, incite discrimination, and justify forever wars" [31].
Trump and Defense Secretary Pete Hegseth framed the war with Iran as a continuation of the 9/11 struggle. Trump saluted service members working to ensure Iran "never obtains a nuclear weapon" [2][30]. Hegseth said US warriors are fighting "an Islamic theocracy that has wished for their death for nearly half a century" and called for "eternal vigilance" [12][30]. Iranian state-linked Al-Alam described the remarks as verbal attacks on Iran tied to what it called a baseless war [39]. BBC's Dari service noted Trump did not mention Afghanistan in his speech [37].
Critics across Europe, Latin America, and the Middle East called the post-9/11 response a strategic failure. El País editorialized that the Bush administration's decisions — the Iraq invasion justified by false claims about weapons of mass destruction, arbitrary detentions, and Guantánamo — made the world less safe and weakened democracies [10]. RFI cited Brown University's Costs of War estimate of at least 4.5 to 4.7 million post-9/11 deaths and argued China's ascent accelerated as US standing fell [19]; other reporting citing the same project has given a figure of roughly 940,000 killed [44]. Former deputy national security adviser Ben Rhodes said 9/11 was "the most successful terrorist attack in history" because it prompted US overreach [28]. Former Clinton adviser Bill Galston said 9/11 "set off a quarter-century of misgovernment" [28]. German commentator Christoph Heinzle recalled Chancellor Gerhard Schröder's pledge of "unlimited solidarity" with the US and its cost: 60 Bundeswehr dead and thousands wounded over two decades in Afghanistan, ending in the Taliban's return [20].
Terrorism scholars assessed al-Qaeda as weakened at its core but resilient through regional franchises. Professor Lars Berger called the 9/11 attacks "a major strategic failure for al-Qaeda" that nonetheless saw the group's model exported to locally rooted groups across the Sahel, Somalia, Yemen, and Afghanistan [23]. Professor Rüdiger Lohlker said Africa is now the group's main theatre and called for abandoning a Eurocentric perspective [23]. Belgian islamologist Mohammed Fahmi said historical al-Qaeda is finished since the death of Ayman al-Zawahiri in 2022, but its jihadist model successfully exported itself [45]. The UN Security Council marked the anniversary with a counter-terrorism briefing on militants' use of artificial intelligence, drones, and encrypted platforms [21].
Former intelligence officials argued the counterterrorism focus blinded the West to state threats. Former MI6 chief Alex Younger said the West "missed the rise of China as a military power and as a strategic challenge" after spending the first 20 years of the century on counterterrorism [3]. Former MI5 chief Jonathan Evans said state threats from Russia, Iran, their proxies, and China are now "at least as severe a national security concern as non-state terrorism" [3]. The CIA declassified more than 70 presidential intelligence briefs on al-Qaeda from before 9/11, including a 1998 brief warning the group might fly an explosive-packed airplane into a US city [28]. General Richard Shirreff, former divisional commander in Iraq, said the 2003 Iraq war was based on "deeply flawed intelligence" and that lessons have not been learned [3].
The Guantánamo tribunal of accused mastermind Khalid Sheikh Mohammed and co-defendants remains stalled, with no trial expected before June 2028 [1][34]. Author Karen Greenberg said presenting evidence in these cases is "impossible without using evidence derived from torture" [35]. Prosecutor Clayton G. Trivett Jr. said the prosecution agreed to plea deals to ensure all evidence could be presented to establish a historical record [35]. Terry Strada, president of 9/11 Families United, called the deals "a victory for Khalid Sheikh Mohammed" [35]. Secretary of Defense Lloyd Austin revoked the plea agreements in 2024 [34]. The 2003 CIA abduction of Milan imam Abu Omar, rendered to Egypt and tortured without charge, produced a landmark trial in which Italian intelligence officials were acquitted after state-secrecy doctrines shielded key evidence [43].
Mamdani's administration released more than 170,000 documents on post-attack air quality, including records suggesting New Yorkers were misled about the safety of the air [12][24]. Patrick Whalen, whose firefighter father died of a 9/11-related cancer, said "the government told him it was safe to breathe, and, obviously, it was not true" [5]. Former EPA administrator Christine Todd Whitman apologised for the air-quality assurances [5]. More than 9,400 people have died from 9/11-related illnesses [6][24]. A Pakistani academic argued the war on terror built a permanent surveillance apparatus that polices dissent while defence contractors and technology companies profit, citing Edward Snowden's 2013 warnings [7]. Mehmet İbiş, brother of the only Turkish citizen killed on 9/11, described being detained at gunpoint while searching for his brother and said "En kötü tecrübeyi orada yaşadık zaten" (We experienced the worst experience there anyway), recounting a 4.5-year citizenship security check [13].
Three veterans described deployments that bred doubt. Former Air Force intelligence analyst Valeria Casillas said "to be a true patriot is to ask questions" after watching Iraqi society slide into chaos [33]. Former Navy corpsman Paul Brown said "not being able to help the guys in a meaningful way after we got home is hard" [33]. Former Army staff sergeant Bob Gilling said he was proud of training soldiers and Afghan troops but accepted that much of the war was beyond his control [33].
Middle East Eye columnist Sami Al-Arian wrote that 9/11 should have been treated as a grave international crime prompting examination of why hostility toward the US had grown in the Muslim-majority world, and that Bush's "they hate our freedoms" explanation "conveniently absolved the American foreign policy establishment of responsibility" [17]. China News Service asked why the US still cannot answer "why they hate us" [41]. The Transportation Security Administration announced a "Horizon 25 Strategy" to modernize security capabilities across all transport modes [32]. The Guantánamo tribunal is next scheduled for June 2028 [34].